Human Mind is Determined by the Body in the Emodiment...

What is embodiment? The embodiment theory holds that the nature of the human mind is largely determined by the form of the human body. Embodied cognition reflects the argument that the motor system influences our cognition, just as the mind influences bodily actions. People could be more effective if they thought/processed and planned and perceived as little as possible. A person’s intelligence would be used towards only handling the minimal amount of information necessary to make their behavior appropriate and more desirable to society. Our physical experience of the world and our spatial awareness, our bodily movement, and the way we manipulate objects provide the pattern for how we reason about the world. Reason is independent of†¦show more content†¦A significant human skill is learning to suppress the overriding contribution of the environment to conceptualization, and it allows the memory to guide conceptualization. The effort used in suppressing input fr om the environment pays off by allowing prediction, recollective memory, and language comprehension. Cognition is situated, time-pressured. Cognitive activity takes place in the context of a real-world environment, and inherently involves perception and action. We are mind on the hoof (Clark), and cognition must be understood in terms of how it functions under the pressure of real-time interaction with the environment. When you’re under pressure to make a decision, the choice that is made emerges from the confluence of pressures that you’re under. In the absence of pressure, a decision may be made differently. We off-load cognitive work onto the environment. Because of limits on our information-processing abilities, we exploit the environment to reduce the cognitive workload. We make the environment hold or even manipulate information for us, and we harvest that information only on a need-to-know basis. This is seen when people have calendars, agendas, PDAs, or anything to help them with everyday functions. We write things down so we can use the information when w e need it, instead of taking the time to memorize or encode it into our minds. The environment is part of the cognitive system. The information flow

Criminology Rational Choice Theory - 1683 Words

Name Instructor Course Date Essay Questions Question 1 At the core of criminology, there is a belief that a criminal decides to commit a crime after weighing the benefits and disadvantages of engaging. In such a case, the decision to commit the crime is a rational one, and the best way to counter it is through a deterrence-based system. The rational choice theory assumes that humans are self-centered and the actions they undertake determine the consequences they incur. The position of rationality concept assumes that criminal behaviors are not different from the non-criminal ones, in that they determine the intentional conducts individuals undertake, that is, they are not forced to conduct a crime. Criminals choose to engage in certain†¦show more content†¦Such a case represents general deterrence, where the person has not yet been previously punished but does not want to commit the crime since he or she does not want to be caught and prosecuted. The threat of established legal sanctions are the inhibitors to a person who wants to commit a crime for the first time. The other form is specific deterrence, where an individual decides to refrain from conducting a crime due to fear of being prosecuted again, after a previous sanction on the individual. The fear of conducting a crime, in this case, arises from threats of previous punishment and fear of being punished again. For example, an inmate who was recently released from prison may fear to conduct another crime since he or she does not want to be rearrested and prosecuted again. The person is already aware of the punishments and sanctions that a criminal undergoes if arrested, and thus decides to refrain from engaging in criminal activities. It is one of the measures that reduce the number of criminals, especially those inmates previous arrested and released. Question 2 The growth of metropolitan cities led to rural-urban migration amongst most societies, with most individuals moving to urban centers to acquire employment opportunities inShow MoreRelatedThe Rational Choice Theory Of Criminology1106 Words   |  5 Pages The Rational Choice Theory April Smolkowicz Criminology 3200 Georgia Gwinnett College  The Classical School of Criminology was developed by two utilitarian philosophers, Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham during the early 17th century. The Classical School of Criminology is an important theory in the framework of criminal behavior, with principle themes that include: criminal acts are of individuals free will and rational deliberation, calculating, and hedonistic beings. CriminalsRead MoreRational Choice Theory Criminology1151 Words   |  5 PagesIn Criminology, Prof. Boldt has either talked about or brought up a few dozen theories in just a few weeks. However one theory seems to show up more than the others, and is the more dominant explanation in describing criminal behavior. This concept is referred to as Rational Choice Theory. Over time theories have been produced to explain and help understand what leads to criminal behavior. The reason why people have studied these theories so closely is because of the helpful nature it provides toRead MoreRational Choice Theo ry: Criminology901 Words   |  4 PagesChoice theory was born out of the perspective of crime causation which states that criminality is the result of conscious choice. This theory is also known as the rational choice theory. According to this theory, the choice whether or not to commit a criminal act is the result of a rational thought process that weighs the risks of paying the costs of committing a crime, against the benefits obtained. In other words, if the benefits--monetary or otherwise--outweigh the risks of sustaining the costsRead MoreRational Choice Theory Criminology1329 Words   |  6 PagesThe Classical School of Criminology, established by Cesare Beccaria, promotes the use of reason as the basis of legal authority and is based on the assumption that individuals weigh the consequences of their acts before committing a crime. It was based was based on assumptions that Individuals can â€Å"choose legal or illegal means to get what they want, fear of punishment can deter them from committing crime, and society can control behavior by making the pain of punishment greater than the pleasureRead MoreRational Choice Theory: Merits and Limitations1195 Words   |  5 Pagesinsight into Rational Choice Theory. This theory, highly relied upon by many disciplines, is also used to calculate and determine crime and criminal behavior. Through definition, example and techniques utilized by criminologists, the reader will have a better understanding of the subject. By definition, criminology is the study of crime, criminal behavior and how it pertains to the law. Criminology is considered a scientific technique. Therefore, those who study and carry out its theories are consideredRead MoreRational Decision Making And Its Effect On Crime Causation Essay1497 Words   |  6 Pages Rational Decision Making and its Effect on Crime Causation Most, if not all Americans, are familiar with the story of Batman and his alter ego Bruce Wayne. As a small child Bruce s parents were brutally gunned down in front of him prompting him to don the cape and mask to rid Gotham city of injustice. In the 2005 movie adaptation starring Christian Bale, Batman is asked why he so selflessly protects the city. He replies, â€Å"It s not who I am underneath, but what I do that defines me.† I believeRead MoreThe Theories Of Criminology And The Riots930 Words   |  4 PagesEvery crime has a correlation with a theory in criminology. These theories explain why crime happens and some even go to the extent to come up with a solution to prevent or stop crime. This paper will explore how certain theories of criminology connect with the riots that happened in Ferguson, Missouri. Facts from different articles will be used to back up the theory. The theories will explain why rioters committed the crimes did. The paper will take the actions of t he protestors and explain whyRead MoreRational Choice Theory Of Criminal Behavior Essay1617 Words   |  7 Pagescase the choices that criminals make brings them pleasure and adrenaline. Criminal choices can be controlled by fear of punishment, but not all the time. The crime will be limited when the benefits are reduced and the costs increase. Rational choice theory is a perspective that holds criminality in the result of conscious choice. Not to mention, that it is predicted that individuals choose to commit crime when the benefits outweigh the costs of disobeying the law. In the rational choice theory, individualsRead MoreThe Rational Choice Theory1728 Words   |  7 PagesLa’Shante Samuels Kaplan University, CJ102 Criminology Unit Five Midterm Project The Rational Choice theory approach has been used by social and political scientists to put some type of meaning of why humans behave in a certain way. In recent years, rational choice theory has been widely used in other disciplines such as sociology, political science, and anthropology. It has gained influence in politics and sociology over the past thirty years. This choice theory stressed the role of knowledgeable selfRead MoreGeneral Theory Of Crime And Delinquency919 Words   |  4 PagesGeneral Theory of Crime and Delinquency Many theories exist including biological, psychological, and sociological theories that have been proposed by many criminologists in the criminal justice field and have been closely studied by people (Agnew, Cullen, Wilcox, 2004). Most theories are proposed at the micro level meaning it tries to explain the criminal behavior of individuals and some are proposed at the macro level which tries to explain the crime rates in social groups, meaning micro focuses

The Cellular Basis of Cancer - 2323 Words

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide as it can develop in almost any organ or tissue. Significant advances in understanding the cellular basis of cancer and the underlying biological mechanisms of tumour has been vastly improved in the recent years (Jiang et al. 1994). Cancer is a genetic disease which requires a series of mutation during mitosis to develop, its characteristics can be associated with their ability to grow and divide abnormal cells uncontrollable while in the mean time invade and cause nearby blood vessels to serve its need. Even though many people are affected by cancer today, the abilities which cancer cells have make it hard to find a single effective treatment for cancer. The focus of research now lies†¦show more content†¦This ability of malign cancer to make their way across basement membrane and into blood vessels is what makes cancer so fatal and impossible to be cure by surgery alone. The result of metastasis and invasion in normal tissue by cancer cells are often seen as one of the distinctive features of malignancy (Ruoslahti 1996). Even though the ability of invasion and metastasis are one of the hallmarks for cancer, these abilities are not unique to cancer cells as it can also occur during the early development stage of the embryo, in healthy organisms and in many noncancerous diseases (Mareel amp; Leroy 2003). It does not matter whenever the organism has developed benign or malign cancer, all cancer cells have the ability to disturb the normal cell cycle and threaten the survival of the organism. The uncontrollable spread of cancer is the principal event which leads to the death in individuals with cancer and it is the greatest barrier of developing cures for cancer. Metastasis is the progressive spread of malignant cancer cells from the primary tumour to secondary organ in distant sites and this potential is dependent on the specific microenvironment which support them to complete each step of the metastatic process (Poste amp; Fidler 1980). To understand the molecular basis of metastasis, investigators have now separated the complex and highly selective metastasis process into series of steps to try and solve the problems cause byShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Treatment Of Cancer1303 Words   |  6 Pages Cancer, also known as malignant neoplasm, the hallmark characteristic involves uncontrolled proliferation of cells. Under normal conditions cell grow, divide and die, but in cancer cells the defect takes place at the gene level leading to the formation of an abnormal DNA. As genes are the basic control machines of the cell, alteration of any kind may bring devastating consequences, or malignancy. 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Depending on the drug and how it’s given, these materials travel to various parts of the body to treat cancer or relieve its symptoms† (American Cancer Society, 2014). By examining the complications which are attempting to be solved, it is evident that the medicinal uses of radioisotopes are a global link for the scientific community. However, in order to understand nuclear medicineRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Cancer1432 Words   |  6 Pagesmeans the use of any kind of drug to treat a disease, but today, it is most used in a cancer context. These drugs can also be known as cytotoxic (i.e. cell-killing) drugs or as antineoplastic (i.e. anti-cancer) drugs. But what is this complex disease called cancer? Cancer is a multi-step process mainly characterized by uncontrolled cellular growth and proliferation. Chemotherapy is very different from other cancer treatments, such as surgery or radiotherapy. 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STATs are also known to exert additional functions such as affecting oxidative phos phorylation in mitochondria, regulating chromatin compliance and epigenetic markings in the nucleus and interacting with the microtubule components in the cytoplasm which are responsible for cellular motility (4). This pathway has been observed to play an integral role in the development of mammary

Animal Farm and 1984 Comparison Essay Example For Students

Animal Farm and 1984 Comparison Essay In his books, Animal Farm and 1984, George Orwell creates two similar societies attempting to achieve perfection through tyranny but the environment of each supports a different culture. In both Animal Farm and 1984 the ruling society depresses the individual in order to achieve his total obedience. In Animal Farm the environment is static à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" that of a rigid society- that of a small space -for it is in a farm. Because it is so simple, so undeveloped technology wise, a different society immerges, a society more similar to that of today, then to that of the other book, 1984. In 1984, the government controls the individual technology wise. It uses technology in order to watch everything the individual does, so the individual will not rebel and that society will maintain the way it is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the way it supposed to be technology controlled Tarnoff online. Right at the beginning of 1984, Orwell presents the reader with how much the government controls and supervises what the individual does. On the first page he describes a poster with a mens picture on it, and a caption underneath à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Big Brother Is Watching You. That shows how the government tries to intimidate the people in order for the people to listen to them and do as the government tells them to Orwell, 1984 5. In Animal Farm the pigs, which control the farm, use another method to achieve the same result. When the animals were working on the windmill Napoleon, the leader, announced that there will be work on Sunday, off course he said that it will be strictly voluntary, but, who ever does not volunteer will have his rations reduced by half. It does not matter how, but in both 1984 and Animal Farm, the leaders use some kind of oppression to control the individual whether it is fear of hunger or fear of violating the law Orwell, Animal Farm 63. The environment of each book is quite different. In Animal Farm it is a farm, and that creates a society which is easy to control because there is less space and less places to go to. It was easier for the pigs to control and supervise the animals. That way they had control over all the animals, so any animal that wanted to get away from the totalitarianism that controlled the farm the pigs knew about it and dealt with it appropriately. For example à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" when the three hens come forward and admit that snowball came to them in a dream à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" they are slaughtered. As Harold Bloom said in his book, this is an obvious parallel to the purge trials of the 1930s 18. In 1984, George Orwell opens us to a futuristic society where technology controls everything. At the beginning of the book Orwell describes a telescreen à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a kind of television screen that makes it possible for the government to see, and supervise everything the individual is doing. That is the way the government indicates how  powerful they really are, and that they can see and hear everything a person does. Mainly because of that technology, the government finds out about Winston Smith affair with Julia and about his rebellious thoughts against the government. Because of those thoughts he is tortured so much, that eventually he gives up his personal freedom and his love to Julia. In his book William Steinhoff say that after he is tortured so much, Winston is cut off from past and future and his conscience extinguishes when he cries to the torturers to send the rats to Julia à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Do it to Julia! Do it to Julia! Not me! Julia! I dont care what you do to her!Orwell, 1984 236. He also says that Winston is bullied so much, beaten so much, tortured so much, that he is reduced to a statues below that of an animal. That would never have happened if technology were not used in such a cruel, intimidating way. It created a society where people are afraid of technology, of the people who created it, of the government, of big brother 210.